Revista Espacios

Use, Perceptions, and Educational Challenges of Artificial Intelligence Among University Students in Southern Chile

RESUMEN La investigación analizó los usos, percepciones y desafíos de la inteligencia artificial en estudiantes de la Universidad de Los Lagos, Chile, mediante un estudio cuantitativo aplicado a 273 estudiantes. Los resultados muestran un uso de herramientas de IA para apoyar el aprendizaje, preparar evaluaciones y actividades académicas. Aunque la mayoría percibe beneficios en productividad y comprensión, también existen preocupaciones sobre integridad académica, dependencia tecnológica y pensamiento crítico. Los estudiantes demandan formación sobre el uso ético y responsable de estas tecnologías.

ABSTRACT This study analyzed the uses, perceptions, and educational challenges associated with artificial intelligence among students at the University of Los Lagos, Chile, through a quantitative study conducted with 273 participants. The results show frequent use of AI tools to support learning, prepare for exams, and complete academic activities. Although most students perceive benefits related to productivity and understanding, concerns also emerged regarding academic integrity, technological dependence, and critical thinking. Participants highlighted the need for institutional guidance and training on the ethical and responsible use of these technologies.

Family and School in Synergy: Experimental Evidence on Their Impact on Holistic Learning in Early Childhood Education

RESUMEN El estudio evaluó la influencia del programa familia escuela en el aprendizaje integral en educación inicial mediante un diseño preexperimental con pretest y postest en 100 estudiantes. Los resultados evidenciaron mejoras significativas en desarrollo infantil, alcanzando niveles logrados. Asimismo, se fortalecieron competencias en matemáticas, comunicación, personal social y ciencia, destacando el valor de estrategias lúdicas y la participación familiar como base del proceso educativo.

ABSTRACT The study evaluated the influence of the family school program on integral learning in early education through a pre-experimental design with pretest and posttest applied to 100 students. The results showed significant improvements in child development, reaching achieved levels. Likewise, competencies in mathematics, communication, personal social, and science were strengthened, highlighting the value of playful strategies and family participation as a foundation of the educational process.

Heritage values of the popular library of Peru: Book fair of jr. Amazonas - Popular Booksellers Chamber Association - Lima

RESUMEN El estudio examinó los valores patrimoniales de la Feria del Libro del Jr. Amazonas mediante un enfoque mixto de alcance exploratorio, con muestra de actores internos y externos e instrumento de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los resultados evidencian predominio del valor simbólico y valor de uso, asociados a identidad y funciones sociales, mientras el valor formal muestra discrepancias. Se concluye que el patrimonio emerge de apropiación social, destacando su relevancia urbana inclusiva.

ABSTRACT The study examined the heritage values of the Jr. Amazonas Book Fair using a mixed-methods approach with an exploratory scope, surveying internal and external stakeholders and employing semi-structured interviews. The results show a predominance of symbolic and use value, associated with identity and social functions, while formal value shows discrepancies. The study concludes that heritage emerges from social appropriation, highlighting its inclusive urban relevance.

Fiscal Revenue and Workplace Incidents in Peru’s Mining Sector: An Association Analysis (2015-2024)

RESUMEN Estudio ecológico longitudinal con 120 observaciones mensuales (2015-2024) que evaluó la asociación entre recaudación fiscal minera e incidentalidad laboral en el Perú. Aunque una hipótesis procíclica anticiparía mayor incidentalidad en fases expansivas, se halló una correlación inversa significativa en incidentes absolutos (ρ = −0,490) y tasa ajustada por exposición (ρ = −0,563), persistente en rezagos y tras ajuste por horas-hombre. Los hallazgos sugieren una señal macrosectorial no causal.

ABSTRACT This longitudinal ecological study used 120 monthly observations (2015-2024) to assess the association between mining fiscal revenue and workplace incidents in Peru. Although a procyclical hypothesis would anticipate higher incident rates during expansion, significant inverse correlations were found for absolute incidents (ρ = −0.490) and the exposure-adjusted rate (ρ = −0.563), persisting across lags and after adjustment for man-hours. Findings suggest a non-causal macrosectoral signal.

O ensino de Ciências e a Educação em Saúde na infância: articulações entre saúde, currículo e formação docente em um contexto rural

RESUMO Este artigo analisa as contribuições do ensino de Ciências articulado à Educação em Saúde na infância. A pesquisa interventiva ocorreu em uma creche pernambucana, envolvendo seis professores e 32 crianças. Os dados foram coletados por instrumentos diversificados, sendo analisados conforme a Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciaram fortalecimento das práticas investigativas, ampliação do autocuidado infantil e envolvimento familiar. Conclui-se que práticas contextualizadas propiciam aprendizagens significativas e, contribuem para a promoção da saúde.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the contributions of Science Education integrated with Health Education in childhood. The intervention-based research was conducted in a daycare center in Pernambuco, involving six teachers and 32 children. Data were collected through diverse instruments and analyzed according to Content Analysis. The results revealed the strengthening of investigative practices, the expansion of children’s self-care, and greater family involvement. It is concluded that contextualized practices foster meaningful learning and contribute to health promotion.

Influence of Attributional Styles and Academic Self-Concept on Mathematics Achievement in Primary School Students in High-Vulnerability Contexts

RESUMEN El estudio analizó la relación entre estilos atribucionales, autoconcepto académico y rendimiento matemático en 1.096 estudiantes de primaria de colegios vulnerables del Biobío, Chile. Mediante un diseño cuantitativo y correlacional, se aplicó Escala de Estilos Atributivos y el Cuestionario de Autoconcepto Garley. Los resultados indican que los estudiantes atribuyen sus éxitos al esfuerzo y los fracasos a la falta de este. Además, un autoconcepto académico positivo se asocia con mayor motivación y persistencia, favoreciendo el desempeño matemático en contextos vulnerables.

ABSTRACT The study analyzed the relationship between attributional styles, academic self-concept, and mathematics achievement in 1,096 primary school students from vulnerable schools in the Biobío region, Chile. Using a quantitative and correlational design, the Attributional Styles Scale and the Garley Self-Concept Questionnaire were applied. The results indicate that students attribute their successes to effort and their failures to a lack of effort. In addition, a positive academic self-concept is associated with greater motivation and persistence, promoting better mathematics performance in vulnerable contexts.

Effects of a Motor Story Intervention on Executive Functions in Preschoolers: A Pilot Study

RESUMEN Este estudio piloto exploró cambios en funciones ejecutivas de ocho preescolares (3-4 años) tras una intervención de cuentos motores de seis semanas (18 sesiones). Mediante el test TENI, se observaron mejoras en funciones ejecutivas (+42,1%), memoria (+41,6%) y lenguaje (+18,8%), con cambios mínimos en atención (+4,5%). Los hallazgos sugieren que integrar movimiento y narrativa favorece el desarrollo cognitivo temprano. Se concluye que los cuentos motores constituye un recurso perdagógico viable para futuros estudios experimentales sobre autorregulación infantil.

ABSTRACT This pilot study explored changes in executive functions of eight preschoolers (3-4 years) following a six-week motor storytelling intervention (18 sessions). Using the TENI test, improvements were observed in executive functions (+42.1%), memory (+41.6%) and language (+18.8%), with minimal changes in attention (+4.5%). The findings suggest that integrating movement and narrative favors early cognitive development. It is concluded that motor stories constitute a viable perdagical resource for future experimental studies on child self-regulation.

Alfabetização e Letramento Digital na Educação de Jovens e Adultos: uma revisão crítica sob a perspectiva da emancipação freireana e da inclusão digital

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica integrativa sobre alfabetização e letramento digital na Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), articulada à perspectiva emancipatória freireana. A partir de produções científicas nacionais e internacionais, identificaram-se dimensões-chave do fenômeno: exclusão digital, enfrentamento às fake news, mediação pedagógica e cidadania digital. Os resultados indicam que a inclusão digital na EJA, orientada por uma perspectiva emancipatória, promove autonomia crítica, participação cidadã e transformação social.

ABSTRACT This article presents an integrative bibliographic review on digital literacy in the context of Youth and Adult Education (EJA), articulated with the Freirean emancipatory perspective. Drawing on national and international scientific literature, key dimensions were identified: digital exclusion, confrontation with fake news, pedagogical mediation, and digital citizenship. Results indicate that digital inclusion in EJA, when guided by an emancipatory perspective, promotes critical autonomy, civic participation, and social transformation.

Design and implementation of a multimodal embedded system for visual fatigue detection in students based on ESP32-CAM and Edge Impulse

RESUMEN El Síndrome Visual Informático afecta a una alta proporción de estudiantes universitarios peruanos. Se diseñó, implementó y demostró funcionalmente un sistema embebido multimodal de bajo costo (S/ 125) para la detección de fatiga visual basado en ESP32-CAM con inferencia TinyML mediante Edge Impulse y sensores BH1750, MPU6050 e INMP441. El clasificador ocular alcanzó 90.0% de accuracy (F1: 0.900) sobre el conjunto de validación. Se incluye el firmware ejecutable y una demostración funcional del sistema completo con tres usuarios, verificando la operación de extremo a extremo.

ABSTRACT Computer Vision Syndrome affects a high proportion of Peruvian university students. A low-cost (S/ 125) multimodal embedded system for visual fatigue detection was designed, implemented and functionally demonstrated, based on ESP32-CAM with TinyML inference via Edge Impulse and BH1750, MPU6050 and INMP441 sensors. The eye classifier reached 90.0% accuracy (F1: 0.900) on the validation set. The executable firmware and a functional demonstration of the complete system with three users are included, verifying end-to-end operation.

Monitoring the graduate profile through assessment milestones: an action research study in Nutrition and Dietetics

RESUMEN Este estudio analiza, mediante investigación-acción práctica, la implementación de un mecanismo para evaluar el perfil de egreso en Nutrición y Dietética. A través de ciclos de diagnóstico, planificación y acción, se identificaron brechas en competencias transversales y disciplinares. El proceso permitió diseñar mejoras en la homologación de escalas y la automatización de la retroalimentación. Se concluye que el liderazgo docente y el enfoque formativo son claves para asegurar el logro de competencias.

ABSTRACT This study employs practical action research to implement a mechanism for evaluating the graduation profile in Nutrition and Dietetics. Through cycles of diagnosis, planning, and action, gaps in transversal and disciplinary competencies were identified. This facilitated improvements like achievement scale alignment and automated feedback. The study concludes that teacher leadership and a formative approach are essential for ensuring competency achievement and continuous curricular improvement.

SUS oncology care network and bureaucracy

RESUMEN Problematizamos la relación entre la burocracia y la organización de la atención oncológica, según la estrategia de red de atención sanitaria brasileña adoptada por el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). El estudio busca contribuir a subsanar esta deficiencia. La hipótesis es que la atención oncológica en el SUS debe establecerse como una red con racionalidad burocrática. El estudio se basó en el análisis documental, principalmente de leyes, ordenanzas del Ministerio de Salud y documentos del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer.

ABSTRACT The text problematizes the little-discussed relationship between bureaucracy and the organization of oncology care, according to the Brazilian healthcare network strategy adopted by the Unified Health System (SUS). The study aims to help fill this gap. The hypothesis is that oncology care in the SUS is established as a network with bureaucratic rationality. The study was based on documentary analysis, primarily of laws, Ministry of Health ordinances, and documents from the National Cancer Institute.

Employer retirement provisions and financial sustainability in private mining companies in Ecuador, 2023-2025

RESUMEN La investigación tuvo como objetivo examinar el comportamiento de provisiones por jubilación patronal y su asociación con la sostenibilidad financiera de empresas mineras privadas del Ecuador, período 2023-2025. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, con diseño no experimental y análisis documental de estados financieros en seis empresas mineras. Los resultados evidenciaron 23% incremento sectorial de provisiones y variaciones en indicadores de liquidez, endeudamiento, ROA y ROE. Los hallazgos indican que una gestión adecuada en obligaciones laborales admite estabilidad financiera empresarial.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to examine the behavior of employer-sponsored retirement provisions and their association with the financial sustainability of private mining companies in Ecuador during the 2023-2025 period. A quantitative approach was used, with a non-experimental design and a documentary analysis of financial statements from six mining companies. The results showed a 23% sector-wide increase in provisions and variations in liquidity, debt, ROA, and ROE indicators. The findings indicate that proper management of labor obligations promotes corporate financial stability.

Financial education and its impact on over-indebtedness: An analysis of merchants at the Santa Rosa Market in Chimborazo Province, Ecuador

RESUMEN El objetivo fue determinar la incidencia de la educación financiera en el sobreendeudamiento de comerciantes del Mercado Santa Rosa. Mediante un enfoque mixto, correlacional y transversal, se evaluó una muestra probabilística de 185 agentes y tres informantes clave. Los resultados cuantitativos revelaron alta multiactividad crediticia y precaria planificación presupuestaria, mientras que el análisis cualitativo confirmó una ruta de exclusión hacia el crédito informal usurero. Se concluye que la educación financiera mitiga la saturación crediticia en la economía popular.

ABSTRACT The objective was to determine the impact of financial education on over-indebtedness among merchants at the Santa Rosa Market. Using a mixed-methods, correlational, and cross-sectional approach, a probabilistic sample of 185 merchants and three key informants were evaluated. The quantitative results revealed high levels of multiple credit activities and poor budget planning, while the qualitative analysis confirmed a pathway toward informal, usurious lending. The study concludes that financial education mitigates credit saturation in the informal economy.

Inclusive tutoring and hearing impairment: strategies for educational equity. A literature review

RESUMEN El estudio analiza la relación entre la tutoría inclusiva y la integración social de estudiantes con discapacidad auditiva mediante una revisión de literatura de 20 artículos (2018-2025). Los resultados destacan cinco ejes: formación docente, uso de tecnologías inclusivas, colaboración familiar, desarrollo comunicativo-emocional y gestión institucional. Se concluye que la tutoría inclusiva fortalece la equidad educativa, la empatía y la participación, mientras que la formación profesional y el apoyo tecnológico resultan esenciales para garantizar la sostenibilidad y la justicia educativa.

ABSTRACT The study analyzes the relationship between inclusive tutoring and the social integration of students with hearing disabilities through a literature review of 20 articles (2018-2025). The results highlight five key areas: teacher training, use of inclusive technologies, family collaboration, communicative-emotional development, and institutional management. It concludes that inclusive tutoring strengthens educational equity, empathy, and participation, while professional training and technological support are essential to ensure sustainability and educational justice in diverse contexts.

Critical analysis of the cluster approach in MSEs: internal capabilities, governance and competitive sustainability

RESUMEN Se analiza críticamente el enfoque clúster en las MYPES mediante una revisión comparativa de investigaciones recientes sobre competitividad, innovación y cooperación empresarial. Los hallazgos evidencian que la proximidad territorial no garantiza ventajas sostenibles sin capacidades internas, capacidad de absorción, gobernanza efectiva y aprendizaje organizacional continuo. Asimismo, se identifican desigualdades en la transferencia de conocimiento, diferencias sectoriales y vulnerabilidades derivadas de la interdependencia productiva. Se concluye que los clústeres deben comprenderse como sistemas dinámicos condicionados por factores institucionales, territoriales y organizacionales.

ABSTRACT The cluster approach in MYPES is critically analyzed through a comparative review of recent investigations on competitiveness, innovation and business cooperation. The hallmarks show that territorial proximity does not guarantee sustainable gains without internal capabilities, absorption capacity, effective governance and continuous organizational learning. Inequalities in the transfer of knowledge, sectoral differences and vulnerabilities derived from productive interdependence are identified. It is concluded that clusters must be understood as dynamic systems conditioned by institutional, territorial and organizational factors.

Innovative didactic strategies to strengthen motivation in primary education students: a literature review

RESUMEN El estudio analizó la evidencia científica sobre estrategias didácticas innovadoras para fortalecer la motivación académica y el aprendizaje significativo en educación básica mediante revisión de literatura. Los resultados muestran que metodologías activas y tecnología educativa mejoran participación y rendimiento. Sin embargo, persisten limitaciones metodológicas y de acceso. Se concluye que la innovación pedagógica requiere integración estructural y formación docente para lograr procesos educativos sostenibles e inclusivos.

ABSTRACT The study analyzed scientific evidence on innovative didactic strategies to strengthen academic motivation and meaningful learning in basic education through a literarure review. Findings indicate that active methodologies and educational technology enhance student participation and academic performance. However, methodological limitations and access gaps persist. It is concluded that pedagogical innovation requires structural integration and continuous teacher training to achieve inclusive and sustainable educational processes.

The digital divide in primary schools: main manifestations and determining factors

RESUMEN Este artículo realiza una revisión sistemática de artículos científicos entre 2020-2025, con el propósito de analizar la evolución de la brecha digital en el nivel primario, identificando sus principales manifestaciones y factores que han determinado su aumento. Al revisar 38 estudios de las bases de datos Scopus, Scielo y WoS, se identificaron tres manifestaciones: diferencias en el acceso a infraestructura y conectividad, desigualdades en alfabetización y competencias digitales; y limitaciones en la formación docente para el uso pedagógico de TIC.

ABSTRACT This article carries out a systematic review of scientific articles between 2020-2025, with the purpose of analyzing the evolution of the digital divide at the primary level, identifying its main manifestations and factors that have determined its increase. When reviewing 38 studies from the Scopus, Scielo and WoS databases, three manifestations were identified: differences in access to infrastructure and connectivity, inequalities in literacy and digital skills; and limitations in teacher training for the pedagogical use of ICT.

School Leadership and Data-Driven Decision Making: A Systematic Review of Impact on Educational Quality (2015-2025)

RESUMEN Esta revisión sistemática, bajo metodología PRISMA, analiza el impacto del liderazgo directivo y la toma de decisiones basada en datos en la calidad escolar (2015-2025). Tras evaluar 32 artículos en Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC y ProQuest, los resultados revelan que el impacto es indirecto, mediado por la cultura organizacional y la alfabetización en datos. Se concluye que existe una tensión entre la mejora institucional y la rendición de cuentas, sugiriendo trascender modelos instrumentales hacia marcos socioculturales y éticos complejos.

ABSTRACT This systematic review, following PRISMA methodology, analyzes the impact of school leadership and data-driven decision-making on school quality (2015-2025). After evaluating 32 articles from Scopus, Web of Science, ERIC, and ProQuest, results reveal that the impact is indirect, mediated by organizational culture and data literacy. It concludes that a tension exists between institutional improvement and accountability, suggesting a shift from instrumental models toward complex sociocultural and ethical frameworks.